Assessments of depression

Assessing depression

15 Nov, 2021 Read Time: 5 mins

Assessing depression

The two gold standard, diagnostic tests commonly used to quantitatively assess depression are the Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) and the Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D or HRSD).1,2These assessments have been used for over 35 and 50 years respectively, in combination with additional, more domain-specific tests, to assess the complete symptom profile of patients with depression.1,2

Clinician-rated assessments of depression

Montgomery-Asberg depression rating scale (MADRS)

The MADRS is a 10-item scale that is sensitive to antidepressant efficacy, particularly of tricyclic antidepressants.1,3 The ten constituent questions respectively assess: apparent sadness, reported sadness, feelings of tension, reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, lassitude, inability to feel emotions, pessimistic thoughts and suicidal thoughts.1 Each component is rated by the patient on a scale of 0 (none at all) to 6 (very severe), providing a maximum total score of 60. The patient’s total score then indicates the severity of their condition as below:4

0 – 6: Remission

7 – 19: Mild

20 – 34: Moderate depression

35 – 60: Severe depression

Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D or HRSD)

The 17-item HAM-D is one of the earliest scales to be developed for depression.3 It assesses symptom severity according to patient-rated scores for each of:  depressed mood, inappropriate guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and leisure, retardation, agitation, anxiety, hypochondriasis, insight, weight loss and somatic symptoms.2

Of the 17 questions, nine are scored on a five point scale, ranging from
0 (absent) to 4 (severe), and eight are scored on a three point scale, ranging from 0 (absent) to 2 (clearly present).2 This provides a maximum total score of 54, with higher scores indicating greater symptom severity, as below:3

0 – 6: Normal

7 – 17: Mild depression

18 – 24: Moderate depression

≥ 24: Severe depression

Both the MADRS and HAM-D are used as standard in clinical trials in depression to measure treatment-related changes in symptom severity.3

Patient-rated assessments of depression

A number of patient-rated assessments of depression are also used, enabling the subjective reporting of depressive states to gain insight into the patient’s experience of depressive episodes. The scales outlined below are the most commonly used patient-rated assessments, however it is important to note that this is not a complete list, and there are many others in existence around the world.

Patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9)

The PHQ-9 scores each of the nine DSM-5 depression criteria from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). This questionnaire can help make criteria-based diagnoses of depression and is used to measure depression severity.5 The PHQ-9 has a maximum possible score of 27, and can be interpreted as below:6

  • ≤4: Minimal depression
  • 5–9: Mild depression
  • 10–14: Moderate depression
  • 15–19: Moderately severe depression
  • 20–27: Severe depression

Zung self-report depression scale (ZUNG SDS)

The ZUNG SDS is a 20-item self-report index that covers a range of symptoms, including the psychological, affective, cognitive, behavioural and somatic aspects of depression.3 The subject rates each item on a scale of 1 (a little of the time/rarely) to 4 (most of the time/always), depending on how frequently each symptom occurs.7 A maximum possible score in this assessment is 80, with interpretation brackets as below:8

  • ≤49: Normal
  • 50–59: Minimal to mild depression
  • 60–69: Moderate to severe depression
  • ≥70: Severe depression

The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology –
Self-Report (QIDS-SR)

The QIDS-SR was developed with the aim of addressing the limitations of the HAM-D. These most notably include a failure to assess all symptom domains as defined in DSM guidelines, an unequal weighting between different symptom domains, and a lack of clear, well-defined symptom criteria in each item of the scale.3

It is a 16-item, patient-reported scale of symptom severity in depression, which assesses the nine key symptoms of the condition; insomnia/hypersomnia, low mood, appetite/weight changes,
impaired self-perception, concentration difficulties, loss of interest/pleasure, suicidal ideation, psychomotor agitation and fatigue.9 While not an exclusive assessment of cognitive function, it can provide insight into any cognitive difficulties a patient may be experiencing. A maximum total score of 27 can be achieved, with scoring interpretations as seen below:8

  • ≤5: No depression
  • 6–10 Mild depression
  • 11–15: Moderate depression
  • 16–20: Severe depression
  • 21–27: Very severe depression

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

The BDI measures the severity of depressive symptoms at the point of assessment.3 It contains 21 items, each focused on different symptom domains associated with major depression, as defined by DSM criteria. Each item contains four statements, numbered from 0 to 3, and the patient selects which statement most closely relates to their own experience. In addition to assessing classical emotional and physical symptoms of depression such as sadness, guilt, suicidality, irritability, hypochondriasis, appetite disturbances and fatigue, it also evaluates cognitive symptoms in the domains of decisiveness, attention and motivation.3 The maximum possible score on the BDI is 63, with scoring interpretation brackets as described below:8

  • ≤9: Minimal depression
  • 10–16: Mild depression
  • 17–29: Moderate depression
  • ≥30: Severe depression

Assessment of functioning

While not a direct measure of symptom severity or treatment success, an assessment of the functional impact of depression may provide an alternative insight into a patient’s condition and progress. This may be particularly useful in the initial stages of diagnosis, as impaired functioning may provide a clue to the presence and severity of any emotional or cognitive symptoms, which could then be consequently assessed.10

Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS)

The SDS is a 3-question self-report tool for measuring functional impairment, and is a measure of functional progress during the past month. Each question is rated between 0 and 10, and scores can be interpreted as below:11

  • 0: No disability
  • 1–3: Mild disability
  • 4–6: Moderate disability
  • 7–9: Marked disability
  • 10: Extreme disability

References

  1. Montgomery SA, Asberg M. A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to change. Br J Psychiatry 1979; 134: 382-389.
  2. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1960; 23: 56-62.
  3. Cusin C, Yang H, Yeung A, Fava M. Rating Scales for Depression. In: Handbook of Clinical Rating Scales and Assessment in Psychiatry and Mental Health Current Clinical Psychiatry 2010, pp 7-35.
  4. Snaith RP et al. Grade scores of the Montgomery Asberg Depression and the Clinical Anxiety scales. Br J Psych 1986; 148: 599-601.
  5. Kroenke K et al. The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief Depression Severity measure. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16: 606-613.
  6. PHQ-9 Questionnaire for Depression Scoring and Interpretation Guide. Available at:http://www.med.umich.edu/1info/FHP/practiceguides/depress/score.pdf. Accessed July 2015.
  7. Romera I et al. Factor analysis of the Zung self-rating depression scale in a large sample of patients with major depressive disorder in primary care. BMC Psychiatry 2008; 8(1): 4.
  8. Roffman JL et al. Chapter 6: Diagnostic rating scales and psychiatric instruments. In: Massachusetts General Hospital Comprehensive Clinical Psychiatry. Ed: Stern TA, Fava M, Wilens TE, Rosenbaum JF, 2008.
  9. Rush AJ et al. An evaluation of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology and the Hamilton rating Scale for Depression: a sequenced treatment alternative to relieve depression trial report. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59(6): 493-501.
  10. Culpepper L. Cognition in MDD: Implications for primary care. In: Cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder. Ed: McIntyre R, Cha D, 2015.
  11. Olfson M et al. Mental disorders and disability among patients in a primary care group practice. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1734-1740.